Rupture, waves and earthquakes
نویسنده
چکیده
Normally, an earthquake is considered as a phenomenon of wave energy radiation by rupture (fracture) of solid Earth. However, the physics of dynamic process around seismic sources, which may play a crucial role in the occurrence of earthquakes and generation of strong waves, has not been fully understood yet. Instead, much of former investigation in seismology evaluated earthquake characteristics in terms of kinematics that does not directly treat such dynamic aspects and usually excludes the influence of high-frequency wave components over 1 Hz. There are countless valuable research outcomes obtained through this kinematics-based approach, but "extraordinary" phenomena that are difficult to be explained by this conventional description have been found, for instance, on the occasion of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu, Japan, earthquake, and more detailed study on rupture and wave dynamics, namely, possible mechanical characteristics of (1) rupture development around seismic sources, (2) earthquake-induced structural failures and (3) wave interaction that connects rupture (1) and failures (2), would be indispensable.
منابع مشابه
Locating earthquakes with surface waves and centroid moment tensor estimation
[1] Traditionally, P wave arrival times have been used to locate regional earthquakes. In contrast, the travel times of surface waves dependent on source excitation and the source parameters and depth must be determined independently. Thus surface wave path delays need to be known before such data can be used for location. These delays can be estimated from previous earthquakes using the cut-an...
متن کاملRupture Complexity of the 1970 Tonghai and 1973 Luhuo Earthquakes , China , from P - Wave Inversion , and Relationship to Surface Faulting
The source processes of the 4 January 1970, Tonghai earthquake (Ms = 7.5) and the 6 February 1973, Luhuo earthquake (Ms = 7.5) in southwestern China were investigated using an inversion technique on the very complex body waves. The two earthquakes were associated with 48 and 90 km of surficial strike-slip rupture, respectively, and the distribution of displacement with distance along the fault ...
متن کاملNucleation speed limit on remote fluid-induced earthquakes
Earthquakes triggered by other remote seismic events are explained as a response to long-traveling seismic waves that temporarily stress the crust. However, delays of hours or days after seismic waves pass through are reported by several studies, which are difficult to reconcile with the transient stresses imparted by seismic waves. We show that these delays are proportional to magnitude and th...
متن کاملObservational constraints on the fracture energy of subduction zone earthquakes
[1] We relate seismologically observable parameters such as radiated energy, seismic moment, rupture area, and rupture speed to the dynamics of faulting. To achieve this objective, we computed the radiated energy for 23 subduction zone earthquakes recorded between 1992 and 2001; most of these earthquakes have a magnitude Mw > 7.5, but we also included some smaller (Mw 6.7) well-studied subducti...
متن کاملThe Physics of Earthquakes
EARTHQUAKES T recent earthquakes in Taiwan, Turkey, and India tragically demonstrate the abruptness with which earthquakes occur and the devastation that often accompanies them. Scientists, emergency officials, and the public are greatly interested in earthquakes-sudden fractures in Earth's crust followed by ground shaking-and have Seismologists have never directly observed rupture in Earth's i...
متن کاملInitial rupture of earthquakes m the 1995 Ridgecrest , California sequence
Close examination of the P waves from earthquakes ranging in size across several orders of magnitude shows that the shape of the initiation of the velocity waveforms is independent of the magnitude of the earthquake. A model in which earthquakes of all sizes have similar rupture initiation can explain the data. This suggests that it is difficult to estimate the eventual size of an earthquake fr...
متن کامل